The first person outside the United States to receive a permanent artificial heart pump was Leif Stenberg in 1985, who was known in Sweden as “Mr. X” in a series of fraud investigations, and who was under indictment for tax evasion at the time of his surgery. However, the case was dropped when he went into surgery because he was not expected to survive the operation. Further complicating matters, not only did Stenberg survive, but because Sweden defines death as death of the heart, many wondered whether he had found a loophole. Stenberg died 229 days after the surgery. (Tax Trivia, California Taxpayers Association CalTaxletter Vol. XXXIV, No. 17 (May 7, 2021))
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